The global annual net wind power generation was 1870 TWh in 2021 and has to reach 7900 TWh in 2030 to meet the Net Zero Emission by 2050 scenario (, last access: 7 April 2023). Of the global electricity generation, wind energy made up 6.6 % in 2021 (, last access: 7 April 2023). To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need to transform the energy system to be more sustainable and robust, where renewable wind energy can be a part of the solution ( Pörtner et al., 2022). Extreme winds can for example affect buildings, infrastructure, shipping ( Pörtner et al., 2022), extreme cold outbreaks in winter ( Zhou et al., 2021), and energy production ( Pörtner et al., 2022 Castro et al., 2011). Winds have a large impact on many parts of the society, economy, and environment ( Rayner, 2007 Vicente-Serrano et al., 2018 Vose et al., 2014 Pörtner et al., 2022). The ongoing climate change, described by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ( IPCC, 2021), raises the question of if, how, and why the wind climate in the world is changing. Digitized data can be accessed through the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute and the following Zenodo repository: ( Zhou et al., 2022).
“reversal” phenomena) but also to evaluate and assess climate simulations of the past. The rescue of these early wind observations can help improve our understanding of long-term wind changes and multidecadal variability (e.g. The meta data mainly consist of changes in observer and a small number of changes in instrument types and positions. Along with the digitization of the wind observations, meta data from the stations were collected and compiled as support to the following quality control and homogenization of the wind data. The work followed the protocol “Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue” of the World Meteorological Organization consisting of (i) designing a template for digitization, (ii) digitizing records in paper journals by a scanner, (iii) typing numbers of wind speed and direction data into the template, and (iv) performing quality control of the raw observation data. These stations measured wind through different versions of cup-type anemometers and were mainly situated at lighthouses along the coasts and at airports. Instrumental measurements of wind speed and direction from the 1920s to the 1940s from 13 stations in Sweden have been rescued and digitized, making 165 additional station years of wind data available through the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute's open data portal.
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